Temperature variations are the most significant factor contributing to frequency drift in crystal oscillators.
Other variables that affect frequency output, such as humidity and pressure, can be alleviated easily with a hermetically sealed packaging of the crystal in a vacuum or in an inert gas, such as nitrogen. But controlling temperature for precise frequency output in a crystal oscillator circuit requires a higher level of electronic RF design ingenuity. Enter: the oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO).
In this post, we'll take a look at the three types of OCXOs available for RF engineers to meet individual design priorities such as frequency precision, warm-up time, crystal aging, and power consumption.
The Basic OCXO
OCXOs are required when a simpler temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) can't meet the demands of a challenging working environment for precise frequency control applications. All crystals have a "turning point," the optimal temperature at which equal changes in temperature will result in a minimum change in frequency.
The turning point of the crystal is achieved by the angle of the cut of the crystal from the blank and other crystal design factors. Each crystal will be slightly different in any case, and the turning point or oven set temperature must be finely tuned for each produced device. Crystals have an inherent lattice structure, so the cut angle of the crystal blank has a high impact on oscillator performance.
Entry-level OCXOs use crystals manufactured with the temperature-compensated AT cut, angled so that the temperature coefficients of the lattice will have minimum impact on the crystal performance. The AT cut is suitable for a wide variety of applications in which the turning point temperature of the crystal doesn't need to be set too high, at which point frequency drift increases again.
For higher turning point applications the stress-compensated (SC) cut is the solution. The cut of the crystal is similar to a woodworker's compound miter cut. The SC cut is superior to the AT cut at elevated temperature ranges from -20C to +200C. The FvT (frequency vs. temperature) performance of the SC cut can be as much as five times better than that of the AT cut. The SC cut is also less sensitive to crystal aging.
As with any electronic design, there are always the inevitable trade-offs to be considered depending on the application. See our article for an in-depth comparison of the frequency vs. temperature stability, crystal aging, g-sensitivity, initial frequency accuracy, availability, and cost of AT and SC cut crystals.
Related: Crystal Cut Types: AT vs. SC Cut Performance Comparison
The Ultra-Stable OCXO
The ultra-stable OCXO is the solution for applications facing additional frequency drift conditions (beyond temperature variation) caused by:
- Circuit components
- Transistor parameters
- Supply voltage variations
- Stray capacitances
- Output loads
- Heat buildup
- Vibration
Bliley's ultra-stable OCXOs feature a simple surface-mountable design with very high stability vs. temperature, as well as quick warm up, low age rates, and minimal phase noise. They are available in two footprint sizes for a perfect fit for your applications.
Related: Download the full datasheet on our ultra-stable OCXOs
The Double Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (DOCXO)
Basic OCXOs provide frequency stability in the 50 parts per billion (ppb) range. As the RF spectrum becomes increasingly crowded with telecommunication devices and new expanding technologies, frequency control now requires precision to 1 ppb. Clean source signals for clocks in microwave communications, high-accuracy medical, measuring, and testing devices, and sources for instrument reference are all applications that require the 1 ppb precision of DOCXOs.
Other benefits of DOCXOs include:
- Fast warm-up time
- Low power consumption
- Good phase noise characteristics
- Long-term frequency stability over the life of the device
- Multiple supply voltage options
Related: DOCXO Guide: When Should You Use a Double Oven Crystal Oscillator?
OCXOs at Bliley Technologies
At Bliley, we're committed to providing the best frequency control devices in the universe, with quartz crystals of unequaled quality. We understand the challenges RF engineers face when balancing the tradeoffs of electronic design for individual applications and we provide the OCXO options you need to meet your individual application priorities of control, power consumption, accuracy, the life of the device, and demanding work environments.
Explore our full line of high-performance crystal oscillators >>
